The Great Gatsby :: English Literature

The Great GatsbyLook closely at the details presented, the snatches of dialogue, and passs comments, in order to explain how Fitzgerald renders this occurrence in both positive and negative ways.The two-page extract from the Great Gatsby has various themes, motivesand symbolism running at its roots. This essay will attempt atdeciphering these symbols and clearly expressing their true meaning,as well as the course they help to create in Fitzgerald rendering thisepisode in both positive and negative ways. Gatsbys house is compared several times to that of a feudal lord, andhis imported clothes, antiques, and luxuries in either display nostalgia forthe lifestyle of a British aristocrat. Though Nick and Daisy areamazed and dazzled by Gatsbys splendid possessions, a number ofthings in Nicks autobiography suggest that something is not right aboutthis transplantation of an aristocrats lifestyle into a democraticAmerica.Nick creates, through visual imagery an complex quantity representati on ofGatsbys house in his readers. He expresses the beauty embedded in thegardens, the sparkling odour of jonquils and the frothy odour ofhawton (88) the various eras and architectural designs, MarieAntoinette music-rooms and indemnity Salons (88) and lastly thedifferent themes captured by these rooms, through period bedroomsswathed in rose and lavender (88). The point it seems Nick tries toconvey is the ridiculousness found within the really structure ofGatsbys house. Gatsbys limited upbringing clearly represents hisinability to string things together, which would make his house classyand reserved. Instead Gatsby combines things of different eras,expressing not his incapableness of decorating but rather an attempt inreflecting his wealth through a brash and gaudy structure.Furthermore it is fairly important to consider that out of all therooms, magnificently decorated and filled with materialism, Gatsbysroom, the one in which the most time was to be spent, was the leastpolluted b y materialism. His bedroom was the simplest room of all.(88) There also seems to be a sense of not belonging for Gatsby by theintroduction of Mr. Klipspringer, suggesting that everything thatGatsby has created serves only one purpose Daisy. It is fundamentalthat Mr. Klipspringers presence, as well as Nicks expectations ofhidden guests, I felt that there were guests concealed behind everycouch and table (88), suggests that the very temper of his home, hisvery establishment is to house extravagant and careless parties, inwhich the magnitude of his status and wealth may be exaggerated, inthe belief that Daisy may last realize his new status andfulfill his lifelong endeavor. Thus far Fitzgerald, through Nick, the only man to pertain to anymorals, has created the idea of an unbalanced environment.

Essay --

The Evolution of Air Defense Artillerythe time was the late 1800s and the planing machine was created and included in that warfare adopted those and made of then warplanes so every country had to make something to defend their lands from the attacks form their respective enemies.The term of anti-aircraft ordnance (AA) witch was a detachment from the field artillery by modifying their weapons so that they can be able to reach the low flying aircraft attacking their territory. barely the term of air defense was first use by Great Britain in the year of 1925 by the royal air force. One of the first weapons used in AA was the Gustav Krupp used to shoot down the ballons in the Franco-Prussian War with took place in the 1870.A few years later in Europe the Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider were created to be used as AA weapons.But here in the US the first anti-aircraft cannon was created by the Admiral Twining the 3/23 caliber gun for the US Navy in 1911.But later on, the airc raft were also evolving so every country had to evolve their ways to take down their enemies for example...

Using Ethos, Pathos and Logos in Advertisements Essay -- Advertising M

victimization Ethos, Pathos and boy in AdvertisementsAn advertisement is a bring of public writing in which the rootage uses writing strategies as a way to catch the attention of a reader and to persuade that reader to purchase what he or she is promoting. In order to create an stiff advertisement, the author relies on the products credibility, uses reasons to induce the reader to buy what he/she is promoting, and renders to appeal to the reader based on emotion. A way in which this can be achieved is through using terzetto components of writing known as ethos, pathos and logos. As an example to illustrate how these strategies can be apply as an effective method acting of persuasion, I sustain chosen to analyze an advertisement produced by a travel authorisation. In the ad, the authors attempt is to use logos and pathos as his uncreated means of persuasion but touches on all three components of writing as a method of luring the reader into choosing Texas as the primar y choice for a vacation destination. The authors intent is to rely on this location to represent the travel agency as a source for planning the vacation. Using ethos is a way of appealing to the reader based on the credibility of the source in which the author is attempt to promote. Credibility can be all over by using tactics to support reliability. First, the author attempts to establish credibility by relying on impost and value. He accomplishes this in the advertisement by placing major(ip) emphasis on a man wearing a belt buckle. He states, You look more than closely. And see a grapefruit-sized rodeo championship belt buckle, glary in the sunlight. And you know at that moment, you must be in Texas (McCALL p. 87). One may argue that the ad establishes the locatio... ...pathos is used as the most persuasive form to support the text of the advertisement.In analyzing the advertisement, it is clear that the author ties all these forms of writing together. In doing so, he hopes to pull in the biggest auditory modality by appealing to many several(predicate) life styles. The author uses persuasion as a tactic, which is used to lure potential vacation hunters in to choosing his place of choice. He presents all forms of writing strategies (ethos, pathos, and logos) in the advertisement with the most concentration on logos and pathos. The author feels that the best way to persuade the audience of choice is to state the facts in the text, and then support those facts by appealing to the emotions, which is accomplished in the picture. In some cases, the author only selects one home of writing, which all depends on what he or she is trying to promote. Using Ethos, Pathos and Logos in Advertisements Essay -- Advertising MUsing Ethos, Pathos and Logos in AdvertisementsAn advertisement is a form of public writing in which the author uses writing strategies as a way to catch the attention of a reader and to persuade that reader to p urchase what he or she is promoting. In order to create an effective advertisement, the author relies on the products credibility, uses reasons to convince the reader to buy what he/she is promoting, and attempts to appeal to the reader based on emotion. A way in which this can be achieved is through using three components of writing known as ethos, pathos and logos. As an example to illustrate how these strategies can be used as an effective method of persuasion, I have chosen to analyze an advertisement produced by a travel agency. In the ad, the authors attempt is to use logos and pathos as his primary means of persuasion but touches on all three components of writing as a method of luring the reader into choosing Texas as the primary choice for a vacation destination. The authors intent is to rely on this location to represent the travel agency as a source for planning the vacation. Using ethos is a way of appealing to the reader based on the credibility of the source in wh ich the author is trying to promote. Credibility can be accomplished by using tactics to support reliability. First, the author attempts to establish credibility by relying on tradition and value. He accomplishes this in the advertisement by placing major emphasis on a man wearing a belt buckle. He states, You look more closely. And see a grapefruit-sized rodeo championship belt buckle, dazzling in the sunlight. And you know at that moment, you must be in Texas (McCALL p. 87). One may argue that the ad establishes the locatio... ...pathos is used as the most persuasive form to support the text of the advertisement.In analyzing the advertisement, it is clear that the author ties all these forms of writing together. In doing so, he hopes to gain the biggest audience by appealing to many different life styles. The author uses persuasion as a tactic, which is used to lure potential vacation hunters in to choosing his place of choice. He presents all forms of writing strategie s (ethos, pathos, and logos) in the advertisement with the most concentration on logos and pathos. The author feels that the best way to persuade the audience of choice is to state the facts in the text, and then support those facts by appealing to the emotions, which is accomplished in the picture. In some cases, the author only selects one category of writing, which all depends on what he or she is trying to promote.

The Neoplatonic Doctrine :: essays research papers fc

The Neoplatonic DoctrineAs defined by Funk and Wagnals, Neoplatonism is a type of idealistic monism in which the ultimate reality of the universe is held to be an infinite, unknowable, perfect One. From this one emanates judgment (pure intelligence), whence in turn is derived the world soul, the creative activity of which engenders the lesser souls of human beings. The world soul is conceived as an check of the nous, even as the nous is an image of the One both the nous and the world soul, despite their differentiation, are thus consubstantial with the One.The world soul, however, because it is intermediate among the nous and the material world, has the option either of preserving its integrity and imaged perfection or of becoming altogether sensual and corrupt. The same choice is open to each of the lesser souls. When, through ignorance of its true nature and identity, the human soul begets a false sense of separateness and independence, it becomes arrogantly self-assertive and falls into sensual and depraved habits. redemption for such a soul is still possible, the Neoplatonist maintains, by virtue of the very freedom of will that enabled it to choose its sinful course. The soul must reverse that course, study in the opposite direction the successive steps of its degeneration, until it is again united with the fountainhead of its being. The actual reunion is accomplished through a mystical experience in which the soul knows an all-pervading ecstasy.Doctrinally, Neoplatonism is characterized by a categorical opposition between the spiritual and the carnal, elaborated from Platos dualism of Idea and Matter by the metaphysical hypothesis of mediating agencies, the nous and the world soul, which transmit the divine power from the One to the many by an aversion to the world of sense and by the necessity of liberation from a vitality of sense through a rigorous ascetic discipline. (Funk and Wagnalls) History of NeoplatonismNeoplatonism began in Alexandra, E gypt, in the third century AD. Plotinus was the founder of Neoplatonsim and was born in Egypt. He study at Alexandra with the philosopher Ammonium Saccus. Along with 224 others he helped carry the Neoplatonic doctrine to Rome, where he established a school. Other important Neoplatonic thinkers were the Syrian-Greek scholars, Porphyry and Lablichus. The Syrian, Athenian, and Alexandrian SchoolsNeoplatonism was the last of the with child(p) schools of classical pagan philosophy. Platonism, as well as Aristotlism, Stoicism, and Pythagoreanism, all provided an awkward understanding of classical Greek paganism.

Response to Trifles by Susan Glaspell Essay -- Plays Susan Glaspell Mu

Response to Trifles by Susan Glaspell The piece of cake Trifles by Susan Glaspell is type of murder mystery that takes place in the early 1900s. The play begins when the sheriff Mr. Peters and county attorney Mr. Henderson come to attempt to piece together what had happen on the day that Mr. Wright was murder. While investigating the seen of the murder, they are accompanied by the Mr. thrust, Mrs. Hale and Mr. Peters. Mr. Hale had told that Mrs. Wright was acting strange when he found her in the kitchen. After taking information from Mr. Hale, the hands leave the women in the kitchen and go upstairs at seen of the murder. The men dont realize the plot of the murder took place in the kitchen.The action begins when the men leave the women in the kitchen alone. This where Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters sense out themselves find out who had kill Mr. Wright. For some unknown reason the women were acting like they were profession detectives, they were asking principal and making conclu sion. They were discussing the way the kitchen was left are the murder. For example, when Mrs. Peters was aspect through the cupboard, she finds out that Mrs. Wright had bread set. Mrs. Hale concludes that Mrs. Wright was going to put the loaf of bread beside the breadbox. Another example is when Mrs. Peter notices that Mrs. Wright had been making a quit. They were asking question if Mrs. Wright making quilt or making a knot, like a professional detective. The men come back in the kitchen and overhear th...

A Comparison of Repression in The Crucible and Black Ice Essay

The Crucible and Black water ice Repression   Within the small and somber courtroom, wandering eyes front for their victims fingers of vengeance fly at the innocent with sufficient speed to free themselves of the accusations.  Hear the anguishing voices of the dead, feel the fury of the falsely accused, see the pain of the convicted, smell the bouquet of a paradox confidence, and taste the bitterness of societal repression.  arse Proctor devotes himself to saving his wife and bringing justice to the backward court that rises in his society.  The authority makes efforts to repress his outspokenness with questions meant to steer him towards admitting to immoral deeds.   Pressure builds on him as he becomes accused and forces him to live a life-threatening test.    Similarly, Libby is given the challenge to keep abreast in the etiolated dominating society while not betraying her own culture.  Feeling repressed by teachers and students because of her color, she is torn mingled with the decision to adopt the white world and fit in, or struggle to maintain her identity but at the same time, succeeding.  In The Crucible by Arthur Miller and Black Ice by Lorene Cary, societal repression unfolds to be a troubling situation for them, however with their promising traits, they carry on towards their goal without hesitation.     To start off, a comparison between the two protagonists would be their determination and ambition.  After Proctors wife is arrested, he confidently states that my wife will never die for me I will bring your rachis into your mouth but that goodness will not die for me (Miller 76). To reach his goal, Proctor vows to surpass any o... ...to die rather than succumb to the falseness of the authority.  John Proctor is dead, but he is buried with the honor regained from trading in his life.  With determination, strong-values and independence, Proctor m akes his voice heard and does not succumb to the unjust authority, and because of that, he grasps in his hand the triumph of overcoming societal repression.  As for Libby, she finally understands she does not have to be repressed to succeed in the white world, but instead, she can balance both her identities.  She will take advantage of the privilege she is offered in the white world while she can easily slip back into her back come up at other times.  So Libby overcomes societal repression as well with ambition, strong-values and fickleness, allowing her to at last skate on the black ice she has heard so some(prenominal) about.  

Occupational Health & Safety Essay

In any organization, the role of the Human Resource department cease not be overemphasized. This is because this department is laden with numerous responsibilities that argon grievous to organizational productivity. I would like to see them as the power house and organizational engineer that detect, fix and make sure that the organization is productive and part at an optimum level. Generally, the effectiveness of an organizations HR determines the effectiveness of the organization workforce.The strength and coordination of an organizations workforce is to a large extremity dependent on the efficiency of the HR department of the company. In order to achieve smooth running of an organization and maintain a off the hook(predicate) and intelligent workplace, there are some basic practices that are carried out by the Human Resource Department. In this essay, focus bequeath be drawn on some of these practices, highlighting their importance and the role they play in ensuring organiza tional progress by achieving organizational short and long term goals.I will be making a brief discussion of these practices in the following paragraphs. One of the major practices associated with the human resource is line of reasoning analysis. Job analysis can be said to be a detailed process or an act that involves the identification and determination of specific job roles and the responsibilities and importance of the specified job duty. Job analysis becomes important because it determines the qualification for job positions, the compensations to be paid, the hierarchy of the job position and the scope of duties and responsibilities that comes with the job position.It also identifies the kind of training and instruction that the job will require and the formulation of a job design. Furthermore, as a follow-up to job analysis, in order to maintain a safe and coordinated work environment that will ensure organizational productivity, HR makes sure that they painfully select the right people for the right jobs. Once the record and specifications for the particular job is identified, it then becomes easy to look out for the person that has the right qualification for the job description.No one wants to put a ravish peg in a square hole and this makes selection an important task. Selecting the wrong person could cause great damage and result in a huge loss for the company. Generally, there are several methods used in the selection process. This includes interviews, personality tests, IQ tests, physical and cognitive ability tests and the use of biographic data. In addition to the above, the HR of a company organizes training for incoming staffs and those that are already in the system.Training is important in HR because this is where the rude(a) staffs are introduced to the organizational goals, the dress code, customer relation, and the organizational structure and culture. In the case of current staffs, training is sometime postulate in the case of mod ify the employees about the new company policies and keeping them informed about new developments as well as developing basic skills that will be needed in their working environment. Apart from this, another practice used by the HR to maintain a safe and healthy workplace is performance measurement. military operation measures and feedback are ways of evaluating the overall productivity of individual employees in relation to organizational input. This practice is a sort of evaluation that shows what is happening, diagnose possible inadequacies and this serves as an impetus for the organization to strategize new ways or/and seek solutions to the problems that are identified. On the overall, it is a way of knowing the exact state of the organization as it is and not as it posses itself to be.Finally, men are social beings that have emotions and rational ability. People generally perform better when rewarded for good performances. In the HR practice, incentives are given so as to encou rage workers to perform better and be more committed to the organizational goals that are set. Incentives serves as a motivator as it has a psychological effect on the workers and makes them want to put in more effort because they are being appreciated for their good performances.

Plan to Improve Organizational Sturcture and Recapture Market Share Essay

Over the past few years, Word gambol greetings has experienced a sharp decline in securities industry packet as well has extremely high turnover of gross sales staff. The first major challenge discussed was the limited supply of items that are also exchange to other national retailers and create competition a adoptst Word Plays smaller association owned and franchised stores. The second issue highlighted in our discussion was that operations give way been ineffectual which also leads to decline of profitability. WordPlay Management was fearful that high turnover of sales staff was a major cause of inefficient operations and worried the importance of addressing this issue.Technological advances are certainly an issue that every industry must consider when trying to keep with or beat competitors. Online options for the greeting visiting card industry have big(p)ly advanced over the past few years offering ways to send expressions electronically and even customize them with pho tos and voices without having to trust home. It is critical restore WordPlays website and make stores more appealing to visit with new ingathering lines and customization options that allow for attract customers and keep them coming sticker and telling others.Hiring and retaining expert and caring staff is goes hand in hand with keeping up with technology. Knowledgeable and caring sales people are just as classical as the product. Developing an organizational culture that inspires and motivates exit help spark new creative designs and product offerings for WordPlay Greetings. Bryce & Dancetty has performed industry research, employee and market surveys, leading to melodic line redesign, development of new marketing and product design teams, and improved organizational reward programs that aim at reducing turnover for WordPlay Greetings and possessting them back on a path to profits.Introduction Bryce & Dancetty Consulting has been working with WordPlay Greetings over the p ast several months to analyze their business, develop plans to reduce sales staff turnover, revive its product line, improve its organizational culture, and implement new programs that will motivate employees and enrich jobs and career paths. In this report we will review the methods used to intoxicate data and form plans for change. Causes of Business Downturn WordPlay Greetings market share has seen sharp declines over the past few years.Company leaders concluded that causes for this bother stemmed from the limited supply of items that are also sold to other national retailers and create competition against Word Plays smaller conjunction owned and franchised stores. An additional contributor to their decline was believed to be high turnover with in their sales division. WordPlay leaders agreed to work with Bryce & Dancetty Consulting to look deeper in to these issues and how they could be decided to help them regain market share and do better at hiring and retaining a highly skilled and motivated sales team.Bryce Dancetty Consulting employed the DECIDE present which is establish on statistical science to examine all aspects of the WordPlay business and its environment. The Decide Model allowed us to define the problem(s) and/or opportunities, along with objectives and constraints. Next, the attainable decision factors that make up the alternative courses of action (controllable & uncontrollable) are enumerated (given numeric values). Then, relevant information on the alternatives and possible outcomes is collected. The next step is to identify and allot the best alternative based on chosen criteria or measures of success.Then a detailed plan to develop and implement the alternative selected is created and cast off in to effect. Last, the outcome of the decision process itself is evaluated. We addressed issues by performing a market research and analysis that focuses on the following questions How can Word Play develop products that are exclusive, un ique and will help recapture a higher market share? Can store hours be adjusted based on traffic flow and peak sales times in outrank to reduce labor costs and increase profitability? Are at that place colleges in the area that may have marketing and/or design students that would be willing to intern and help bring new/fresh product designs to Word Play Greetings? Research was done and information was gathered via surveys, questionnaires, interviews, and focus groups that Bryce & Dancetty designed and assembled. Surveys and questionnaires provided a wealth of information quickly in a non-threatening manner. close were completely anonymous and done at a very minimal cost. They were administered via mail as well as online.Feedback received via surveys concluded that Wordplay Greeting Cards current product line was being described as stale by former customers. This perception must be changed in order for the company to regain and increase its market share going forward. Focus Groups were utilized to explore topics related to operational efficiency, product design, marketing strategies, and common complaints regarding products to gain a more in-depth perspective on the best ways to increase market share and profitability.Focus groups yielded results that supported job redesign for the sales division, underdeveloped new product design and marketing teams, and creating an organizational culture that motivates and inspires. Sales Division and Sales Clerk Turnover Interviews of corporate employees as well as store staff were performed to better understand their impressions of the current state of the company, their experiences, and their ideas for improvement. From the information gathered, Bryce & Dancetty provided a revised job description which is attached in the appendix for review.In addition to revising the job description for sales clerks, Bryce &Dancetty made several recommendations that do not involve compensation adjustments that can also increase reten tion of sales staff for Wordplay Greetings. There is a significant need for WordPlay to increase feelings of participation within the organization. While allowing sales associates greater granting immunity in creating store displays, it is recommended that contests be incorporated to help motivate employees to put forth their best efforts.Allowing sales associates to take responsibility for deciding on how to put together displays is an example of vertically loading the job. Their autonomy increases and they feel more personal accountability for the outcome of their efforts (Hodgetts & Heger 2008, pg. 306). Involvement in new product excerptions finished the creation of employee focus groups is also highly recommended. The focus groups will be allowed to participate on conference calls and in web training to assist with selection of new products that will be carried in the stores and also learn how these choices impact the company financially.This feeds an employees desire to le arn and grow in their career, knowledge, and skill (Heathfield 2012). A recent McKinsey Quarterly survey underscores this type of opportunity. Respondents felt that the chance to lead projects or task forces were frequently more effective at motivating than financial increases (McKinsey Quarterly 2009). Another way to build a connection within an organization and increase the sense of belonging that employees feel is to create a company newsletter.Newsletters helps share what is happening on a higher level by sharing hot company news being discussed by executives, sharing status on company goals, and stock standings. When there are multiple locations, newsletters help to share what is happening elsewhere and are a great way to share creative ideas, contest winners, and announce new contests. Employee Profiles can be included to highlight accomplishments both inside and outside of the company. The newsletter is also a great way to share benefit information, deadlines, health tips, and volunteer opportunities.Lastly, increased communication between employees and local as well as corporate management will be a key to retention of sales staff. Well-designed jobs anticipate the need for communication. Most employees want to know what is expected of them in the job, how they are doing, how they can improve, what line of latitude they have in changing how they do their tasks, what should be discussed with a supervisor and when the discussion should occur. Employees rarely complain about too much communication with their supervisor.They often want more communication (Hodgetts & Heger 2008, pg. 306). The implementation of a regular newsletter as mentioned above will help with communication, however we are also potently urging WordPlay Greeting Cards to provide a stronger line of communication via email that will allow employees to contact corporate offices more expeditiously for feedback if they have concerns that are not being addressed at a local level and/or ide as that they want to share for improvement.Bryce & Dancetty Consulting is confident that the revision of the sales clerk job description which increases responsibility and sense of participation will not only attract more applicants but also encourage company loyalty and lead to retention of a high quality sales staff that can be promoted in to management positions as the business grows. bank line Enrichment Job enrichment is a way to motivate employees by giving them increased responsibility and variety in their jobs. Our plans for job enrichment will focus on allowing employees to have more control in planning their work and deciding how the work should be accomplished.Job enrichment efforts will include adding and clarifying Skill Variety the yield of different types of skills used to do a job. This is important because using only one skill to do the same task repeatedly can get very boring. When employees get bored productivity decreases over time. Task Identity A matter of realizing a visible outcome from performing a task. world able to see the end result of the work they do is an important motivator for employees. This can be accomplished through Job Enlargement. WordPlay will move towards this goal by adding more tasks and responsibilities to existing jobs.To illustrate this concept a customer service representative will follow a thickenings issue from start to finish (phone inquiry through problem resolution). Customer service reps will be given greater access and potential to make account/claim adjustments so that fewer inquiries need to be escalated. They will be able to take pride in knowing they solved a problem themselves and customer satisfaction is also sure to increase. Task Significance How a job impacts others in the organization. If this is clearly defined, employees will make greater efforts to do their best.

Barn Burning-Faulkner

Nancy Wood Ms. Worthington Eng 102 Feb. 14th, 2013 Analysis Of Barn Burning-William Faulkner How is the setting in the Barn Burning southern? on that point ar many things that prove this story is very southern and they are as follows the use of the word N___er, extension share cropping later on the Civil fight, (The History Channel) a Nigro servant in what is plainly an Plantation like house, the father was in the war as an Confederate soldier, and several stereo classifiable southern references as well as the use of common southern accents.. The use of N___er (AFRAKA) is used multiple times in this story.It is used openly and without rape in regard to any per word of honor of dissimulation referenced in the story. This term is not as acceptable as it used to be, in reference to people of color, the term black is acceptable now in the south even though it doesnt matter what ones skin color is, we are in fact equal. It is probable that ner is a phonetic spelling of the white so uthern mispronunciation of nego The family that is the focus of this story is sharecroppers, Landless laborers who need land from landowners in return for a portion of their crop.The sharecropping system was developed as a way for landowners to establish a work force after the abolition of slavery in the south. To this day landowners still rent their land to the landless so that both can make a profit. Plantation houses of the authorized antebellum style are indicative of the southern society before and after the civil war. The one referenced in the story is described as huge and white such as the antebellum style. It is indicated to be of the plantation by a comment by the father. Pretty and white aint it, that sweat n___er sweat, maybe it aint white enough yet to suit him. . (Faulkner) The father was indicated as being in the civil war. He was supposed(a) to have been in colonel satoris cavry(calvary). It was stated at the end of the story that the father had been a Malbrouck a soldier who had no loyalty to superiors flag or estate and simply used the instance of war to rob and sell anything he could get his hands on for his own gain. He even named his own son Colonel Satoris Snopes in reference to his days as a soldier. As with the other stuff to prove southern tone, we have the whipper-whirl (bird which is known for a destintive call) and named for as such.Cherokee roses are growing all around the area around the landscape, they are also accept along the southern landscape as well. This story portrays southerners as unschooled at times, including words as mis-pronounicatins, such as Nigro being N___er, a final indenication is that people with that background of education, well all was a true miscommunication at the times. The main characters sister showed the most misuncomprohensable remark as a remark of ignorce. (Faulkner) As one that live or have lived in that time, I am sure our predessors have been greatly improve on their attitudes and their b eliefs.As I would not have approved of all of this except I wasnt alive at the time. With the exception of great, great, great grand-parents that wouldnt have seen it from my eyes. Bibliography AFRAKA. n. d. 13 Feb. 2013 . Faulkner, William. Barn Burning. Harpers, 1939. The History Channel. n. d. 13 Feb. 2013 . Works Cited AFRAKA. n. d. 13 Feb. 2013 . Faulkner, William. Barn Burning. Harpers, 1939. The History Channel. n. d. 13 Feb. 2013 .

Fantasy V Reality †Streetcar Named Desire Essay

Fantasy v naturalismRemember AO1 communicate clearly the knowledge, rationality and insight appropriate to literary study, victimisation appropriate terminology and accurate and coherent written expression.DuBois populace* old south mind stack* Aging southern belle who lives in a state of perpetual panic roughly her fading beauty * Beginning she was half sane, then contributing people drive her to insanity. * hurt of reality, represents illusion* The state of your life is nothing more(prenominal) than a reflection of your mindset. * It wouldnt be make believe if you believed in me Scene 7 * yarn of a changing South containing characters struggling with the loss of aristocracy to the new American immigrant, the fallout of chivalry to a new mind-set of sex and desire, and a sightlying lady grasping desperately at the last bit of fantasy she can muster. DuBois World* old south mindset* Aging Southern belle who lives in a state of perpetual panic about her fading beauty * Beg inning she was half sane, then contributing people drive her to insanity. * Loss of reality, represents fantasy* The state of your life is nothing more than a reflection of your mindset. * It wouldnt be make believe if you believed in me Scene 7 * Story of a changing South containing characters struggling with the loss of aristocracy to the new American immigrant, the fallout of chivalry to a new mind-set of sex and desire, and a woman grasping desperately at the last bit of fantasy she can muster.The structure of A Streetcar Named Desire is best seen through a serial publication of confrontations mingled with Blanche DuBois and Stanley Kowalski. In the first scene the confrontation is not so severe, but it increases in severity until champion of the two must be destroyed. To comprehend fully the scenes of confrontations, the reader should have a good understanding of what is at stake in each encounter. That is, he should understand some of the differences between the DuBois do main of a function and the Kowalski world. Kowalski World* new south mindset * Beastly, Stanley possesses an savageistic physical vigor that is evident in his love of work, of fighting, and of sex * Represents reality * He acts bid an animal, has an animals habits Eats like one, moves like one, talks like one Theres even something sub-human something not quite to the stage of humanity nonetheless Yes, something ape-like about him, like one of those pictures Ive seen in anthropological studies.With his Polish ancestry, he represents the new, heterogeneous America Scene 4 (Blanche) * Destroys Blanches fantasyKowalski World* new south mindset * Beastly, Stanley possesses an animalistic physical vigor that is evident in his love of work, of fighting, and of sex * Represents reality * He acts like an animal, has an animals habits Eats like one, moves like one, talks like one Theres even something sub-human something not quite to the stage of humanity yet Yes, something ape-like about him, like one of those pictures Ive seen in anthropological studies.With his Polish ancestry, he represents the new, heterogeneous America Scene 4 (Blanche) * Destroys Blanches fantasyExploration of limit point between exterior and interior sets. Two room Kowalski apartment reflects surrounding streets. Scene 10 grotesque menacing shapes, jungle noises and distorted music atomic number 18 employed to reflect Blanches terror. Scenes 10 and 11 The use of distorted shapes and jungle cries as symbols of human cruelty. Scene 9 We hear the vendors cry of the Mexican Woman, Flores, flores para los muertos (flowers, flowers for the dead).It follows the moment when Mitch denounces Blanche as a liar and at that placeupon refuses to marry her. Blanche and Stella have huge dependence on male companions as it is their only(prenominal) fashion to achieve happiness (their sustenance and self film are reflected through men) Scene 4 Blanche recognises that Stella could be happier witho ut the abusive husband for support, but this is hypocritical as she calls Shep Huntleigh for financial support. Stella chooses Stanley for love Williams does not criticize but makes it clear that there is a FUTURE with him.A Streetcar Named Desire Plot summaryMost good stories start with a fundamental list of ingredients the initial situation, conflict, complication, climax, suspense, denouement, and conclusion. Great writers sometimes shake up the recipe and add some spice. initial SituationMeatYes, thats right the early interactions between Stella and her husband constitute the initial situation of A Streetcar Named Desire. Its important for us as the reader/audience to see the status quo of the Kowalskis relationship before Blanche shows up and alters it for the duration of the escape.ConflictBlanche arrives something is upThe immediate physical incongruity of Blanche and her surroundings lets us know that she isnt going to fit in well here in New Orleans. Her first conversat ion with Stella hints at secrets shes trying to hide. And her first encounter with Stanley is wrought with tension, sexual and otherwise. All the news of the loss of Belle Reve doesnt help, either.ComplicationBlanches relationship with Stanley grows more and more antagonistic, especially as Stanley learns more about Blanches past in Laurel. Blanche and Stanleys relationship grows more and more difficult, with Blanche constantly insulting him, and Stanley becoming more mad and aggressive.Stanley also learns about Blanches secret past, which he informs Stella and Mitch of. These multiple, small complications are what modern writer and essayist John Barth calls incremental perturbations the water gets muddier bit by bit as the play progresses, and either new complication adds a layer of intensity and emotional weight to the story.ClimaxScene Ten the delightDid you notice that Stanley says to Blanche, Weve had this date with each other from the beginning? We know that 1) Stanley do esnt like Blanche, 2) he takes out his anger physically, and 3) hes practically be by his sexual aggression. This scene seems the inevitable result of their increasingly antagonistic relationship.SuspenseAlready happenedIn this play, the suspense stage can be erect in Scene Ten with the Climax. The suspense builds as we watch Blanche interact with Stanley, make a frantic phone call, declare repeatedly that shes caught in a trap, and try to run away. Once the rape is over, we enter Scene Eleven without further suspense.DenouementScene ElevenWith the rape and the birth of Stella and Stanleys child over and done with, the plays final scene has falling action written all over it. Blanches descent into wildness is complete, and were now looking at the aftermath to the destruction that took place at the earlier climax.ConclusionStanley and Stella on the porch togetherStellas response to Blanches condition and story regarding her husband, and her decision to carry on her marriage in sp ite of it, constitute the plays conclusion. This is summed up nicely in the image of her sitting on the porch with her baby in her arms, accepting comfort from her husband after her sisters just been carted off to an institution.DialogueScene 9 when I die, Im going to die on the Sea. showing how after everything Blanche is accused of and put through, her fantasy is to be by the sea, washed clean and tranquil. Scene 9 die..hand in hand of some nice- looking ships doctor, a very young one.. Again, Blanche has always fantasized over young men, there are galore(postnominal) references to Blanche and young men throughout the play.Scene 9 I dont want realism, I want magic. Magic. Throughout the play Blanche is the symbol of Fantasy. She dislikes the way things are in reality, and so lets herself live in her own dream world. Scene 4 He acts like an animal, has an animals habits Eats like one, moves like one, talks like one Blanche likes to think of people in a more outworldy way. She tries to justify the way Stanley is by saying hes just not human.Stage directionsScene 7 Contrapuntal staging irony with Blanches singing and Stanleys gossiping. it wouldnt be make believe, unless you believe in me Blanches fairy like songs , bringing her back to her dream world, wanting to escape from reality. The music of the Blue Piano. every now and then Blanche breaks through her fantasy world and into reality again, this is shown when the blue piano plays. It is a memory of her dead husband, and the way that he died. From Blanches reaction towards the music playing, we can tell it is a memory she wishes to forget she sways and covers her face, the polka tune fades out. Her breath is drawn and released in long, grateful sobs.Bibliography http//www.sparknotes.com/lit/ cable tramway/themes.html Blue piano, magicAO3 perspectives and viewpoints* red ink viewpoint Looking at the play A Streetcar Named Desire, it can be analysed through a Marxist perspective, reading into how the class struggle throughout the play is prominent in establishing Blanches role. Blanche and Stella are from a well off earth, a plantation called belle reve. Stella has lived in New Orleans and has adapted well to the unfair male structure of the world she lives in, however the arrival of Blanche attempts to undo this with her intellect. However, even Blanche herself unable to break throw in from the convention of being second class citizen due to her status as a female, contempt being intellectually superior to the males.The class struggle between Blanche and Stanley is a key focus point throughout the play, with Blanche looking down on Stanley, constantly referring to him as a polack, a derogatory term she uses to set her superiority amongst him. This however backfire massively as it causes huge tensions between Stanley and Blanche, ending once the rape of Blanche has been successfully attempted. This can show in Williams point of view how despite room for change, the American 1940s is not ready for equivalence and change, with the class perspective overruling equality.Ironically in the Marxist viewpoint, equality should be achieved by all in a socialist society A Streetcar Named Desire elaborates on how the ideas of class equality is nothing more than a pipedream which cannot be attempted nor achieved in the dense capitalist America the play is set in. It can be further extrapolated to assume that Williams play is one to show the bitter struggle between fantasy and reality, with Marxism being the fantasy which cannot be achieved.* Queer theory viewpoint Links can be accomplished with Williams own gay perspective of his personal life, uses the play a streetcar named desire to show the oppression he himself faces through being a gay man in the American 1940s it was considered an illegal immoral activity, and so he could not openly state his personal life. Through using blanche he portrays his own fractured psyche, linking his oppression as a homosexual t o the oppression she faces in the misogynistic structure of America at that time.Whilst a time of change many things were still suppressed, with homosexuals and females being considered to be lower class than men, even males with a lower class background than the females. This can link well with how Blanche is treated during the play, despite coming from a higher class than the men of the play, she herself is supressed in her activities, and is considered mentally incapable and weak by the male characters as the play progresses.It can be inferred that Williams uses the female characters of the play to convey his own sense of inferiority during the American 1940s. Williams ideas of fantasy versus reality feature prominently though the queer perspective he clearly shows Blanches own broken mind, elaborating by the end how she sees lurid reflections appear on the walls in odd, sinuous shapes. This can be seen as Blanches own struggle with fantasy versus reality, unable to distinguish t he two.AO4 Other workThe themes of Streetcar are typical of Williams work. The idea of feeling trapped in a fantasy world, much like in The Glass Menagerie. The contrast in gender, woman feeling much more insecure about the reality of the outside work than the men of the plays was a common idea for many of Williams plays. The themes of fantasy in A Streetcar Named Desire are also quasi(prenominal) to those of Summer and Smoke. The sexual and spiritual characteristics of Blanche are much like that of the character Alma in Summer and SmokeWilliams personal lifeWilliams sister was diagnosed with Schizophrenia and he remained close with her throughout his life. It can be inferred that this greatly influenced the ideas of mental illnesss being basis for fantastical elements within his plays. In the late thirty-something Williams accepted he was homosexual, this was a crime during his period in which he lived in. this mean that Williams arguably included the idea of homosexuality in man y of his plays as a way of escaping the troubles of his personal life. For example it is suggested that Blanches young lover who ended his life in A Streetcar Named Desire was homosexual. Historical backgroundThe American Dream was a key idea in the US during the 1940s as it was soon after The Great Depression This dream is much mentioned throughout the play, the name of Blache and Stellas old house being Belle Reve translating to beautiful dream

India After 20 Years

Draft January, 2007 INDIAs GROWTH PAST AND FUTURE by Shankar Acharya* * Honorary Professor and Member Board of Governors, Indian Council for Research on International stinting Relations (ICRIER) Paper for presentation at the Eighth Annual Global information Conference of the Global Development Network, January 14-16, Beijing. 0 Indias Growth Past and Future By Shankar Acharya1 This paper is divided into five constituents. Section I briefly reviews Indias harvest-festival exertion since 1950 and indicates a few salient features and turning points.Section II discusses some(prenominal) of the major(ip) drivers of Indias current exploitation momentum (which has averaged 8 portionage in the sound 3 eld) and raised widespread call forations (at least, in India) that 8 shargon plus growth has become the novel norm for the Indian miserliness. Section III points to some of the risks and vulnerabilities that could stall the current dynamism if corrective action is not taken. Se ction IV appraises the countrys mass medium term growth prospects. The final section assesses some implications of Indias rise for the world economy. I Review of Growth Performance, (1950-2006) elude 1 summarizes Indias growth experience since the middle of the twentieth century. For the first xxx years, sparing growth averaged a modest 3. 6 pct, with per capita growth of a meager 1. 4 part per year. Those were the heydays of state-led, import-substituting industrialization, specially youngr the 1957 strange exchange crisis and the severe industrialization bias of the Second Five social class Plan (1956-61). While the st ordaingy achieved some victor in raising the level of resource militarization and investment in the economy, it turned out to be hugely costly in foothold of economic efficiency.The inefficiencies stemmed not just from the adoption of a statist, inward1 The author is Member, Board of Governors and Honorary Professor at Indian Council for Research on In ternational Economic Relations (ICRIER). He was Chief Economic adviser to Government of India (1993-2000). This paper draws liberally on his late(a) paper, Indias Growth Past Performance and Future Prospects, presented at the Tokyo Club Macro scrimping Conference on India and China Rising, December 6-7, 2006, Tokyo. 1 ooking policy stance (at a time when world guile was expanding rapidly) but also from the outstripingly detailed, dysfunctional and corruption-breeding works that were imposed on industry and trade ( put on, for example, the crime syndicateic study by Bhagwati and Desai (1970)). Table 1 Growth of gross domestic product and Major Sectors (% per year) Year 1951/521980/81 (1) 1981/821990/91 (2) 1992/931996/97 (3) 1997/982001/02 (4) 2002/032005/06 (5) 1992/932005/06 (6) 1981/822005/06 (7) Agriculture and Allied Industry 2. 5 3. 5 4. 7 2. 0 1. 9 3. 0 3. 0 5. 3 7. 1 7. 6 4. 4 8. 0 6. 6 6. 5 Services 4. 5 6. 7 7. 6 8. 2 8. 9 . 2 7. 4 gross domestic product 3. 6 5. 6 6. 7 5. 5 7. 0 6. 4 5. 9 gross domestic product per capita 1. 4 3. 4 4. 6 3. 6 5. 3 4. 4 3. 8 artificial lake CSO . line Industry includes Construction. At the same time, one should not forget that the GDP growth rate of 3. 6 percent was quatern generation greater than the 0. 9 percent growth estimated for the previous half century of British colonial rule (Table 2). muchover the growth was reasonably sustained, with no extended issues of decline. Nor were there inflationary bouts of the kind which racked many countries in Latin America. However, growth was far below potential and much less than he 7-8 percent rank being achieved in some countries of East Asia and Latin America. Worst of all, the proportion of the Indian population below a (minimalist) poverty line actually increased from 45 to 51 percent (Table 3). Table 2 Economic Growth Pre -independence (% per year) Year 1900-46 1900-29 1930-46 GDP 0. 9 0. 9 0. 8 Population 0. 8 0. 5 1. 3 Per Capita GDP 0. 1 0. 4 -0. 5 Sour ce Sivasubramonian (2000) 2 Table 3 Percentage of People Below Poverty Line, 1951-52 to 1999-00 Official Estimates Year Rural urban All India 1951-52 47. 4 35. 5 45. 3 1977-78 3. 1 45. 2 51. 3 1983 45. 7 40. 8 44. 5 1993-94 37. 3 32. 4 36. 0 1999-2000 26. 8 24. 1 26. 1 Source Planning Commission, Government of India G rowth accelerated pregnantly in the 1980s to 5. 6 percent, entailing a to a greater extent than doubling of per capita growth to 3. 4 percent a year. This acceleration was due to a number of factors, including the early efforts at industrial and trade liberalization and tax reform dur ing the 1980s, a step- up in reality investment, better agricultural exercise and an increasingly expansionist ( more or less profligate ) financial policy.Fiscal controls weakened and deficits mounted and spilled over to the outside heavens, requiring growing haunt to external borrowing on commercial terms. Against a background of a low export/GDP ratio, rising trade and current ac count deficits and a deteriorating external debt profile, the 1990 Gulf War and consequent anoint price spike tipped Indias balance of payments into crisis in 1990/91. Although the policy reforms of the 1980s were modest in comparison to those undertaken in the result decade, their productivity bang for the buck seems to obligate been risque (see Table 4) 2 .Perhaps this 2 Several different factor productivity studies support this conclusion, including Acharya-Ahluwalia Krishna-Patnaik (2003), Bosworth and Collins (2003) and Virmani (2004). 3 w as a case of modest improvements in a lavishlyly distorted policy environment surrender significant gains. Table 4 Growth of GDP, Total gene Input and Total Factor Productivity (% per year) 1950/511966/67 3. 8 GDP 1967/68 1981/82 1980/81 1990/91 3. 4 5. 3 1991/92 1999/2000 6. 5 Total Factor Input (TFI) 2. 4 2. 7 3. 3 3. 9 Total Factor Productivity (TFP) . 4 0. 7 2. 0 2. 6 Proportion of Growth Explained by TFP (%) 37. 6 20. 8 37. 7 39 . 7 Source Acharya, Ahluwalia, Krishna and Patnaik (2003). Note For severally sub-period, GDP, TFI and TFP are trend growth rank. The new Congress government of June 1991, with Manmohan Singh as finance minister, undertook emergency measures to restore external and domestic confidence in the economy and its management. 3 The rupee was devalued, the fiscal deficit was cut and special balance of payments financing mobilized from the IMF and the World Bank.Even more importantly, the government seized the opportunity offered by the crisis to launch an swan of long overdue and wide-ranging economic reforms. They encompassed external sector liberalization, deregulation of industry, reforms of taxation and the financial sector and a more commercial approach to the public sector (see Table 5 for a summary of key reforms in 1991-93). 4 3 There has been a great deal written on Indias economic reforms and the consequent performance of the economy, including Acharya (2002a and 2004), Ahluwa lia (2002), Kelkar (2004), Kochhar et. l (2006), Panagariya ( 2004a and 2006) and Virmani (2004). There is a tendency to view the post-1991 economic performance as a single co-ordinated experience. I prefer the more nuanced and disaggregated view outlined here. 4 As I pass pointed out elsewhere (Acharya, 2006a), these reforms are better characterized as medium bang than gradualist (as by Ahluwalia, 2002). 4 Table 5 Main Economic Reforms of 1991-93 Fiscal Reduction of the fiscal deficit. Launching of reform of major tax reforms. outdoor(a) Sector Devaluation and transition to a Market-determined Exchange Rate. Phased reduction of import licensing (qua ntitative restrictions). Phased reduction of peak custom duties. Policies to encourage direct and portfolio foreign investment. Monitoring and controls over external borrowing, especially short term. Build-up of foreign exchange reserves. Amendment of FERA to reduce restrictions on firms. Industry Virtual abolition of indust rial licensing. Abolition of separate permission needed by MRTP houses. Sharp reduction of industries reserved for the public sector. Freer access to foreign technology.Agriculture more remunerative procurement prices for cereals. Reduction in protection to the manufacturing sector. monetary Sector Phasing in of Basle prudential norms. Reduction of reserve requirements for banks (CRR and SLR). Gradual freeing up of interest rates. Legislative em powerment of SEBI. Establishment of the National air Exchange. Abolition of government control over nifty issues. Public Sector Disinvestment programme begun. Greater autonomy / accountability for public enterprises. 5The economy responded swiftly and autocraticly to these reforms. After virtual doldrums in 1991/92, GDP growth great deald in the next five years to clock a record 5-year average of 6. 7 percent. It is noteworthy that in this high growth Eighth Plan period all major sectors ( gardening, industry, services) g rew noticeably faster than in the pre-crisis decade. The acceleration in the growth of agricultural value added is peculiarly interesting in the light of oft-repeated criticism that the economic reforms of the early nineties neglected the agricultural sector.The factors which explain this remarkable and broad-based growth surge in the period 1992-97 appear to include Productivity gains resulting from the deregulation of trade, industry and finance, especially in the sectors of industry and some services The surge in export growth at about 20 percent per year (in dollar terms) for three successive years beginning 1993-94, attribu tabularise to the substantial devaluation in real effective terms in the early nineties and a freer policy government activity for industry, foreign trade and paymentsThe investment boom of 1993-96 which exerted expansionary effects on some(prenominal) supply and demand, especially in industry. The investment boom itself was probably driven by a co mbination of factors including the unleashing of animal spirits by economic reforms, the swift loosening of the foreign exchange bottleneck, confidence in broadly consistent governmental policy signals and easier availability of investible funds (both through borrowing and new equity issues)The partial success in fiscal integrating, which kept a check on government borrowings and facilitated expansion of aggregate savings and investments Improvement in the terms of trade for agriculture resulting from a combination of high procurement prices for important crops and reduction in trade protection for manufactures Availability of capacity in key infra social organization sectors, notably power A buoyant world economy which supported expansion of foreign trade and private capital inflows.The momentum of growth slowed noticeably in the Ninth Plan period, 1997-2002, to an average of 5. 5 percent, compared to the 6. 7 percent achieved in the previous five years. Among the factors which c ontributed to this deceleration were the significant worsening of the fiscal deficits (mainly due to macroscopic public pay increases following the Fifth Pay Commission) and the associated decline in public savings, the slackening of economic reforms later on 1995 as coalition ecesis became the norm, a significant slowdown in 6 gricultural growth for a variety of reasons, a marked downswing in the industrial cycle and an increasingly invalidating international economic environment (including the Asian financial crisis of 1997-98, rising energy prices and the worldwide recession of 2001). Indeed, Indias economic growth in 1997-2002 might curb been even weaker but for the un attended and somewhat inexplicable strength of services sector growth, which clocked an average of 8. 2 percent, notwithstanding industrial growth of only 4. 4 percent. The services sector accounted for almost 70 percent of all growth in this period. Economic reforms picked up pace in 2000-04, fiscal defici ts trended down after 2002 and the world economy rebounded strongly in 2002-06. These factors supported a broadbased upswing in Indian industrial product and investment from the second half of 2002. Growth of industrial valued added surged to 8 percent in 2002-06. With continued strong growth of services (at nearly 9 percent), GDP growth climbed to average 7 percent, despite continued sluggishness of agriculture.In the three years, 2003-06 overall economic growth has averaged over 8 percent and the outlook for 2006/7 is equally bright. This latest economic surge has raised the interesting issue of whether Indias trend growth rate has accelerated to 8 percent (or high) from its previous level of around 6 percent. The ensuing sections of this paper explore this question. II. Main drivers of Recent Economic Growth What are some of the main ingredients of the juvenile surge in economic growth? I would suggest the following seven major elements ) The momentum of a quarter of a century of strong economic growth 2) A much more open economy (to external trade and investment) 3) A growing middle class fuelling domestic consumption 4) The demographic dividends of a young population 5 Acharya (2002a and 2003) noted this un prevalent phenomenon and raised questions about both the quality of the data and the durability of such sharply divergent growth rates of industry and services. More recently, similar doubts encounter been expressed by Bosworth-Collins -Virmani (2006). 7 5) Strong companies in a modernized capital market 6) Some recent economic reforms. ) A supportive international economic environment. Let me elaborate briefly on distributively of these factors. The Momentum of Growth The last thirty years experience suggests that precise few developing countries have sustained decent per capita growth for two decades or more (Acharya, 2006b). Specifically, out of 117 developing countries with population over half a million, only 12 countries achieved per capita growth of more than 3 percent per year in 1980-2002, with at least 2 percent growth in each decade of the eighties and nineties. These twelve countries were China (8. 2), Vietnam (4. 6), South Korea (6. 1), Chile (3. ), Mauritius (4. 4), Malaysia (3. 4), India (3. 6), Thailand (4. 6), Bhutan (4. 3), Sri Lanka (3. 1), Botswana (4. 7) and Indonesia (3. 5). (The number falls to 9 if we specify a minimum population of 3 million). golf club of these 12 countries are in Asia and, fortunately, they include the three most populous China, India and Indonesia. (See Table 6). If we take the full 25 years (1981-2006), Indias per capita growth has averaged 3. 8 percent or almost 4 percent per year. 8 Table 6 Good Growth Performers of Recent Decades mean(a) Annual Per Capita Growth (%) uncouth 1980-2002 1990s 1980s Population in 2000 (Millions) 1. China . 2 8. 6 7. 7 1262 2. Vietnam 4. 6 5. 7 1. 9 78 3. South Korea 6. 1 5. 0 7. 4 47 4. Chile 3. 3 4. 3 2. 1 15 5. Mauritius 4. 4 4. 1 4. 9 1 6. Malaysia 3. 4 3. 7 3. 1 23 7. India 3. 6 3. 6 3. 6 1016 8. Thailand 4. 6 3. 4 6. 0 61 9. Bhutan 4. 3 3. 4 5. 4 1 10. Sri Lanka 3. 1 3. 1 3. 1 18 11. Botswana 4. 7 2. 7 7. 2 2 12. Indonesia 3. 5 2. 6 4. 4 206 Source World Bank (2005) Sustained improvements in standards of living of this order represent their own growthreinforcing elements. People come to think more positively about the future and base their savings, investment and production decisions on an expectation of continued growth.Electorates in Indias democracy come to expect development and hold government performance to higher standards, despite disappointments. Companies think big when they invest. And so on. A More Open Economy The Indian economy in 2006 is far more open to external trade, investment and technology than it was fifteen years ago. 6 Table 7 presents some key comparative 6 The story of Indias external liberalization may be found in several places, including Acharya (2002b) and Panagariya ( 2004b). 9 indic ators. Peak import duties on manufactures have come down from over 200% to 12. 5%, a remarkable reduction by any standards.The regime of tight, detailed and discretionary import controls has been almost completely dismantled. The exchange rate was devalued and made market-responsive (1991-3). The policies towards foreign portfolio and direct investment have been greatly liberalized. As a result, the ratio of traded goods to GDP has more than doubled from less than 15 percent to nearly 33 percent. Because of the sustained boom in software exports and doer remittances, the ratio of current receipts (goods exports plus gross invisibles) has more than tripled from 8 percent to over 24 percent of GDP.Foreign investment has risen from negligible levels to US $ 20 billion in 2005/6. Table 7 Towards A More Open Economy 1990/91 2005/06 200% plus 12. 5% Tight, detailed around gone Trade (goods) / GDP Ratio (%) 14. 6 32. 7 true Receipts / GDP (%) 8. 0 24. 5 Software Exports ($ billion) Nil 23. 6 worker Remittances ($ billion) 2. 1 24. 6 Foreign Investment ($ billion) Negligible 20. 2 2. 2 145. 1 35. 3 10. 2 Peak Import Duties (manufacturers) I mport Controls Foreign bills Reserves ($ billion, March 31) Debt Service Ratio (%) Source RBI, Annual Report, 2005 /06, except for first two rows.After initial periods of sometimes painful adjustment in the 1990s, Indian industry has thrived in the more open and competitive environment. The explosion in software ITenabled service exports is well-known, having risen from nil in 1991 to $ 24 billion in 2005/6. Anecdotal evidence suggests that small-scale units have benefited greatly from 10 the much freer access to traded raw materials, components and designs. Perhaps most important, the old mindset of foreign exchange scarcity (and the welter of bad economic policies it spawned) has been effectively banished.Interestingly, the opening up has also strengthened the prudential yardsticks of foreign exchange reserves and debt servi ce ratios. demonstrate of strong companies in a modernized capital market The 1990s ushered in far-reaching reforms in Indias capital markets. The Securities and Exchange Board of India was statutorily empower in 1992 and quickly moved to improve standards of disclosure and transparency. The new electronic-tradebased National Stock Exchange was established in 1993 and set high technical and governance standards, which soon had to be emulated by the much older (and, sometimes scam-hit) Bombay Stock Exchange.Depositories legislation was enacted and soon paperless trading became the norm. Brokers were encouraged to corporatize. Futures markets were nurtured. These and other reforms transformed Indian capital markets into one of the best in the developing world. The combination of a modernizing capital market, an increasingly liberal and competitive environment for investment, trade and production, a wealth of entrepreneurial talent and sustained economic growth has helped the rise of strong new companies and supported the expansion of the more agile and aggressive among the established firms.By way of example, Airtel, the principal private telecom, went from nothing to a multi-billion dollar company in a decade. The same was true for the leading domestic airline, Jet and the IT icons like Infosys, Wipro, TCSand HCL. Old pharmaceutical company companies, like Ranbaxy, transformed themselves. New media companies like Zee and NDTV bloomed. Established corporates houses restructured and flourished (such as some Tata companies, Reliance, Bajaj, Mahindra and Hero Honda) or saw their market shares decline.In recent years quite a few Indian companies have expanded through overseas investments and acquisitions, facilitated by direct investments abroad averaging $1. 5 to $ 2 billion in the then(prenominal) five years. The recent bid for Corus by Tata Steel is a well-publicized example. 11 Aggregate financial data also point to the strength and expansion of Indias cor porate sector in recent years. The market capitalization of companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange rose nearly 14-fold from $ 50 billion in 1990/91 to $ 680 billion in 2005/6 (Table 8).In the last five years, the growth of profits has outpaced the growth of gross revenue enhancement of private corporates, indicating rising profit margins. With falling interest rates and growing recourse to internal funding, the share of interest outgo in gross profits dropped sharply from above 50 percent in the late 1990s to 15 percent in 2005/6 (Reserve Bank, 2006, Box 1. 7). Unsurprisingly, data for the top 1000 listed companies showed net profits as percent of net sales rising from 4. 5 % in 2001/2 to 8. 9 % in 2004/5 (Business Standard, 2006). Table 8 Rising Middle Class 1990/91 Cars + UVs sold both Wheelers sold Telephone emailprotected (million) 15 million 100 million $50 billion $680 billion 205 thousand People in households with income (Rs. 2,00,000 10,00,000 OR PPP $20,000- $1,0 0,000 approximately)a Bombay Stock Exchange Market Capitalisation* 2005/06 1319 thousand 1800 thousand 7570 thousand 5 125$ a Based on data from NCAER (2005) * RBI, Handbook of Statistics on the Indian Economy, 2005-06 Business Beacon, CMIE and Monthly Review of the Indian Economy, CMIE, October 2006 Business Beacon CMIE and Economic Survey, 2005-06 $ December 2005 A Growing Middle Class In the mid-1990s, shortly after the major economic reforms of 1991-4, there as premature exuberance about Indias rising middle class and their acquisitive aspirations. Today there is a much firmer basis for emphasizing the importance of the growing middle class in transforming consumption, production and investment in the Indian economy. Table 8 provides a few indicators. Based on surveys by the NCAER, about 100 million people now live in households with annual incomes between Rs. 200,000 and Rs 1 12 million (approximately PPP$ 20,000 to 100,000), compared to about 15 million in 1990/91. With a lo wer defining threshold, the size of the middle class would be greater.For example, if the middle class cut-off is defined as the non-poor by standards of developed economies, then Bhalla (2007) estimates that 34 percent of India s population was middle class in 2005 compared to about 10 percent in 1990. Purchases of iconic middle class consumption items have certainly soared in the last 15 years (Table 8). Annual sales of cars (including multi- utility vehicles) have risen more than six times to 1. 3 million in 2005/6. Two wheeler sales have increased mo re than four times to 7. 6 million in 2005/6. In 1990/91 India had just 5 million telephone connections (all fixed).By the end of 2005 the number was 125 million (about two-thirds were mobile connections). Indeed, in October 2006 the new mobile connections were close to 7 million, more than the jibe of phone connections fifteen years ago The Demographic Dividend It has become commonplace to punctuate the growth potential of India s young population and declining dependency ratio. According to most population projections the share of working age population in total population go forth continue to rise for the next 30 years or so, long after the decline has set in other major countries like China, USA, Western Europe and lacquer (Table 9).These demographics point to a large potential for higher growth through augmented supply of labour and savings. Indeed, these trends have already been at work over the 15 years or so, helping to raise Indias household savings from around 15-16 percent of GDP in the late 1980s to 22-24 percent in recent years. 7 7 This could be an important part of the explanation to the puzzle How does India sustain high growth despite aggregate fiscal deficits above 7 percent of GDP over the last twenty years? 13 Table 9 consider of Working Population (15-59 yrs) Country 1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 India 55. 5 54. 0 58. 9 64. 3 59. 7 China 59. 53. 6 65. 0 62. 1 53. 8 Japan 56. 9 64. 0 62. 1 52. 8 45. 2 US 60. 5 60. 0 62. 1 56. 6 54. 6 Western Europe 61. 7 58. 1 61. 3 54. 8 50. 4 Source http//www. un. org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/countriesorareas. htm Some Recent Policies As noted above economic reforms slowed after 1995 and then revived to some extent in the period 2000-04. Also, real interest rates declined worldwide and in India too. In India this may have been helped by renewed efforts to reduce burgeoning fiscal deficits, including through enactment of the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (2003) at the substitution level.The fiscal position of the States also improved from the dire base on balls plumbed following the Fifth Pay Commission. The states too adopted fiscal responsibility laws following the recommendations (and conditional debt write-offs) of the Twelfth Finance Commission (Government of India, 2004). Furthermore, tax revenues at both levels of government were buoyed by resurgent economic (especially industrial) gr owth after 2002/3. The net result was a decline in the gross fiscal deficit from almost 10 percent of GDP in 2001/2 to 7. percent in 2004/5 and an even larger decline in the revenue deficit from 7 to 3. 7 percent of GDP (Table 10). This was the single most important factor explaining the increase in aggregate savings from around 24 percent of GDP in 2001/2 to 29 percent in 2004/5, which, in turn, helped finance the current investment boom. 14 Table 10 Deficits, Savings and Investment (as % of GDP) Year 1995-96 Gross Fiscal Deficit 2001-02 2004-05 6. 5 9. 9 7. 5 3. 2 7. 0 3. 7 25. 1 (-2. 0) 26. 9 23. 6 (-6. 0) 23. 0 29. 1 (-2. 7) 30. 1 (Centre and States) Revenue Deficit (Centre and States)Gross Domestic Savings (of which Government) Gross Domestic Investment Source RBI, Handbook of Statistics on the Indian Economy, 2005-06 and CSO website (http//mospi. nic. in/mospi_cso_rept_pubn. htm ) (http//mospi. nic. in/mospi_press_releases. htm ) International Economic Environment Despite th e war in Iraq and the high oil prices of recent years the world economy has grown at almost 5 percent over the last four years, propelled by strong growth in US and China and some recovery in Japan and Europe. World trade in goods and services has expanded rapidly.This favorable environment has helped rapid growth of exports (of goods and services) from India, which, in turn, has been a significant driver of economic growth in this recent period. 8 III Risks to Future Strong Growth There are some well-known risks or constraints to the sustenance of the 8 percent growth enjoyed by India since 2003. These include 1) Renewed fiscal stress from democrat policies 8 Panagariya (2006) emphasizes this point. 15 2) Infrastructure bottlenecks 3) Labour market rigidities 4) Weak performance of agriculture 5) Pace of economic reforms ) Weaknesses in human resource development programmes 7) The international economic environment. Each of these merit brief elaboration. Populism and Renewed Fiscal Stress The recent bestride in fiscal consolidation, noted above, is real but modest. The overall fiscal deficit remains high at 7. 5 percent of GDP in 2005/6, as does the government debt to GDP ratio at 80 percent (compared to about 60 percent in 1995/6). While the fiscal responsibility laws enacted by primordial and state governments (22 out of 28 states have passed such laws so far) are promising, they are not immune to populist pressures.Especially since the advent of the UPA government in 2004, populist expenditure programmes, such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee scheme, have gained fresh momentum. The Sixth Pay Commission has been constituted and is expected to demand its report by mid-2008, with governmental action likely before the next general election. The possibility of significant public pay increases is obviously high. On the revenue side, the state level VATs have contributed to revenue buoyancy. But the recent scheme for Special Economic Zones is fraught with unduly generous tax concessions.So the prospects for fiscal consolidation are mixed, at best. Infrastructure Bottlenecks Indias infrastructure problems are legendary and also reflect failures in public sector performance and governance. A recent appraisal (World Bank, 2006) points out that the average manufacturer loses 8. 4 percent in sales annua lly on account of power 16 outages, over 60 percent of Indian manufacturing firms own generator sets (compared to 27 percent in China and 17 percent in Brazil) and Indias combined real cost of power is almost 40 percent higher than Chinas. The quantity and quality of roads is also a serious bottleneck.While there has been some progress in recent years with national highway development, the state and rural road networks are woefully inadequate, especially in poorer states ( material bodyure 1). Urban infrastructure (especially water and sewerage) is some other major constraint for rapid industrial development and urbanization (Figur e 2). The successful example of rapid telecom development is very promising. But unlike telecom, the sectors of power, roads and urban infrastructure are burdened by long histories of a subsidy culture and dual (centre and states) constitutional responsibilities.Unless the various infrastructure constraints are intercommunicate swiftly and effectively, it is difficult to see how 8 percent (or higher) economic growth can be sustained. Fig 1Percentage of habitations not connected by roads, by Indian state Haryana Kerala Andhra Pradesh Punjab 0% 3% 4% 7% Karnataka 8% Tamil Nadu 8% Maharashtra Gujarat Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan 12% 23% 43% 51% Bihar 58% Orissa 58% Jharkhand Madhya Pradesh West Bengal 59% 62% 69% Chattisgarh 82% Source Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, as cited in World Bank (2006). 17 Fig 2 Percentage of the population with access to sewerage facilities, by Indian stateRajasthan 8 Orissa 9 Chattisgarh 10 Madhya Pradesh 10 Andhra Pradesh 15 West Bengal 17 Tamil Nadu 29 Karnataka 33 Uttar Pradesh 37 Uttaranchal 37 Maharashtra 49 Gujarat 63 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Source Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization, 2000, as cited in World Bank (2006). Labour Market Rigidities According to official data, Indias non-agricultural practice session in the private organized (units employing more than 10 workers) sector has stagnated below 9 million for over 20 years, although the labour force has grown to exceed 400 millionA major cause has been Indias complex and rigid labour laws, which hugely discourage fresh employment while defend those with organized sector jobs. 9 Investment climate surveys by the World Bank indicate that India has some of the most restrictive labour laws in the world, which, in effect convert labour (in organized units) into a fixed factor of production (lay-offs are extremely difficult) and thereby discourage fresh employment in the organized sector while promoting more casualization and insec urity among the 9The skill and capital-intensive pattern of development of Indias modern industrial and services sectors (despite the endowment of abundant unqualified labour) has been noted by many analysts, including Kochhar et. al. (2006), Panagariya (2006) and World Bank (2006). All of them point to restrictive labour laws as a major culprit. 18 93 percent of workers in the unorganized sector. The laws are not just rigid but also numerous (a typical firm in Maharashtra has to deal with 28 different acts pertaining to labor, World Bank, 2006).Without significant reform of existing labour laws, Indias cheap labour advantages remain hugely underutilized. Looking to the future, the challenge will increase as the demographic dividend brings further large increases in the labour force. In fact, as I have pointed out elsewhere (Acharya, 2004), the economic and semipolitical challenge is far greater than normally appreciated because the bulk of the demographic bulge will go past (in the next few decades) in the poor, slow-growing and populous states of central and eastern India (notably, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh).Weak Agricultural Performance Since 1996/97 the growth of agriculture has dropped to barely 2 percent, compared to earlier trend rate ranging between 2. 5- 3. 0 percent. The reasons are many and include declining public investment by cash-strapped states, grossly inadequate maintenance of irrigation assets, f lling water tables, inadequate rural road networks, a unresponsive look for and extension services, soil damage from excessive urea use (encouraged by high subsidies), weak credit delivery and a distorted incentive structure which impedes diversification away from food grains.Tackling these problems and revitalising agriculture will take time, money, understanding and political will. It will also require much greater investments in (and maintenance of) rural infrastructure of irrigation, roads, soil conservation, etc. and r einvigoration of the present systems of agricultural research and extension. While the central government can play a significant role in revamping systems, the main responsibility for strengthening rural infrastructure lies with the states. However, their financial and administrative capabilities have weakened over time. The share of agriculture in GDP has declined to hardly 20 percent.But agriculture is restrained the principal occupation of nearly 60 percent of the labour force. Thus better performance of this sector is essential for poverty alleviation and containment of rising regional and income inequalities. 19 Pace of Economic Reforms There is little doubt that economic reforms have slowed since the UPA government anticipate office in May 2004 10 . The privatization programme has been halted, although Government remains the dominant owner in banking, energy and transport and the usual ills of public possession afflict the performance of many enterprises in these key sectors .The legislative proposals of the previous government to reduce government ownership in public sector banks to 33 percent have lapsed and not been renewed. There has been some revival of interest rate controls and directed credit. Follow-up action on the reformist new Electricity Act (2003) passed by the NDA government has been slow. The pricing of petroleum products has become more politically administered than before. Education policy has focused on introducing caste-based reservations in institutions of higher education. Introduction of such reservations in private sector employment are also being considered.Reform of labour laws remains stalled. There has been little forward progress in reform of agriculture policies. Indeed, the wonder is that the economys growth momentum has remained so strong despite the stalling of economic reforms. If the growth dividends of econo mic reforms occur with a lag, then the paucity of reforms in the period 2004-06 may take their toll in the year s ahead. Weak Human Resource Policies The long-run performance of the Indian economy must surely depend on successful policies and programmes f r education, skill-development and health service o rovision. Yet the government- led programmes in these sectors suffer from very serious weaknesses and lack of reform impetus. For example, World Bank (2006) cites a number of surveys which show that less than half of government teachers and health workers are actually to be found in schools and clinics they are serving (the situation is typically worse in poorer states) . Even though school enrolment rates have climbed over time, the actual cognitive skill acquired in schools (even simple reading and arithmetic) is still very 10 For a recent review see Acharya (2006c). 0 low (Pratham, 2006). In health, a survey shows that medics in primary health clinics in Delhi had a greater than 50 percent contingency of prescribing a harmful therapy for specified, common ailments (Das and Hammer, 2004a and 2004b). The competence of these medics was found to be less than comparably situated counterparts in Tanzania and substantially worse than counterparts in Indonesia. Even in higher education, an area of supposed competence, studies point to enormous problems of quality, quantity and relevance (see, for example, Aggarwal, 2006).Quite clearly, the current portfolio of policies and programmes in these critical sectors need urgent improvement if India is to retain her competitive perimeter in an increasingly worldwideized, knowledge-based, world economy. International Economic Environment The latter half of 2006 has witnessed a distinct slowing in the growth of the US economy, still the single most potent locomotive of global growth. The Doha Round of multilateral trade liberalization remains mired in limbo. Oil prices, though off their peaks, remain high with little prospect of falling below $50 a barrel.The chances of some slackening in the growth of world output and trade are clearly rising. Just as the Indian economy has benefited from strong global expansion in the last four years, so it may expect to bear some downside risks from slower world growth in the years ahead. IV fair Term Growth Prospects Since 2003/4 there have been quite a few studies projecting sustained, high growth of the Indian economy in the long-run, including the Goldman Sachs BRICs report (Wilson-Purushothaman, 2003), Rodrik-Subramanian (2004) and Kelkar (2004).Their specific projections and time-periods differ Goldman Sachs foresaw near 6 percent growth for 50 years Rodrik-Subramanian projected a minimum of 7 percent for the next 20 years and Kelkar was even more optimistic with his growth expectation of 10 percent. 11 More recently, with a three-year 8 percent average already achieved and the 11 See Acharya (2004) for a critical assessment of these optimistic growth expectations. 21 current year likely to register a similar rate, the Governments Planning Commission (2006) has o utlined GDP growth projections for 2007/8-2011/12 of 8 to 9 percent.Bhalla (2007, forthcoming) goes further and foresees 10 percent growth as almost inevitable. Most probably, the majority of serious economists in India would today expect economic growth in the medium term (say, 2007-12) to average at least 8 percent. Such optimism is not wholly misplaced. It is based on the keep strength of the positive factors outlined in section II above, especially globalization and catch-up, the demographic dividends, the rising middle class, a vibrant entrepreneurial culture, positive expectations of future economic reforms and a generally benign international economic environment.The optimists are not blind to the risks and threats outlined in section III. They simply expect the growth-enhancing tendencies to prevail or, more subtly, for the dynamics of growth to generate solutions to constraints such as infrastructure and education. Figure 3 provides encouragement to the bullish outlook. 22 Figure 3 Indias GDP Growth 8 7 Percentage 6 5 4 3 2 1 2006-07 2003-04 2000-01 1997-98 1994-95 1991-92 1988-89 1985-86 1982-83 1979-80 1976-77 1973-74 1970-71 1967-68 1964-65 1961-62 1958-59 1955-56 0 Year Rolling Average (5 year)In my view, the downside factors outlined in section III, should carry more weight in assessing Indias medium term growth prospects. There is a good chance that the currently bullish view of growth expectations is overly influenced by the recent past (2003 onwards), a period of strong cyclical upswing in both the global economy and Indian industry. The strength of the cycle could abate in the next couple of years and Indias growth could revert to a trend rate in the range of 6 to 7 percent, perhaps closer to the higher figure.Even then, under this pessimistic scenario, annual per capita growth would be at a historic peak for India (Table 11). If this is pessimism, then I plead guilty to the charge (though it does place me among a small minority of Indian ec onomists today) 23 Table 11 Medium Term Growth Expectations 1992/3 2005/6 2002/3 -2006/7 2007/8 2011 /12 Optimist Pessimist GDP % 6. 4 7. 2 * 8 10 6. 5 7. 0 GDP per capita (%) 4. 4 5. 5 6. 5 8. 5 5 5. 5 * Assuming Reserve Bank projection of 8. percent GDP growth for 2006/7 Perhaps the most noteworthy point is that medium- term growth expectations for India are so buoyant that the range between optimists and pessimists is placed so high, within a fairly narrow band of about 7 to 9 percent. Only time will tell who is closer to being right. V Some Implications of Indias Rise Indias growth at an average rate of almost 6 percent a year over the past quarter of a century (with per capita growth of nearly 4 percent a year) is both remarkable and commendable.Certainly, back in 1980, there was almost no respectable assimilator or institution predicting such sustained development of this poverty-ridden, populous country. At the same time, the prevailing fashion of bracketing Indias rise with Chinas exceptionally dynamic development under rubrics like China and India Rising may mask more than it reveals. If Indias development in the last 25 years has been good, Chinas has been extraordinary. Furthermore, while India has been a gradual globalizer, Chinas surging development has been far more intensively based on global trade and capital flows.As a consequence, the global economic impact of Chinas rise has been much more dramatic in terms of the usual metrics of international economic relations trade, capital flows and energy. A glance at Table 12 illustrates this obvious point. The comparison of columns 5 and 6 of the table is especially instructive. It highlights both the 24 dramatic increase in Chinas engagement with the world economy over the five years 2000 to 2005, as well as the much milder rise in Ind ias international economic integration. For example, Chinas goods exports increased by an amount which was five times the level of Indias total goods exports in 2005.Similarly, the increase in oil consumption in China was almost equal to Indias total oil consumption in 2005. Table12 China and India Global Impact China India Increment (2000-05) 2000 (1) 2005 (2) 2000 (3) 2005 (4) China (5) India (6) 249. 1 762. 4 45. 5* 104. 7* 513. 3 59. 2 Share of World Exports (%)e 3. 9 7. 3 0. 7 0. 9 3. 4 0. 2 Service Exports ($ billion) a,b 30. 4 74. 4 16. 2* 60. 6* 44 44. 4 Current Account Balance ($ billion) a,b 20. 5 160. 8 -2. 7* -10. 6* 140. 3 -7. 6 Foreign Exchange Reserves ($ billion) a 165. 6 818. 9 37. 2 131. 0 653. 3 93. 8FDI inflow ($ billion)c 30. 1 72. 4 1. 7 6. 6 42. 3 4. 9 FDI stock (Inward, $ billion) c 193. 3 317. 9 17. 5 45. 3 124. 6 27. 8 Oil Consumption (million tonnes)d 223. 6 327. 3 106. 1 115. 7 103. 7 9. 6 Primary Energy Consumption (million tonnes oil equivalent) d 966. 7 1554. 0 320. 4 387. 3 587. 3 66. 9 Merchandise Exports ($ billion) a,b Note * Data for India refer to fiscal year 2000-01 and 2005-06 1990-2000 (Annual Avera ge) Sources a International Financial Statistics, December 2006 (http//ifs. apdi. net/imf/) b RBI, Handbook of Statistics on the Indian

Foreign Policy in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has a master guideline for foreign policy from its constitution friendship with all and malice towards none. Foreign policy of Bangladesh is one of few sectors that has ever been unreformed since the birth of the nation. Bangladesh is obviously a prospective country of its unique position. In mentation of achieving its prospects, Bangladesh needs significant changes in foreign policy sector. The more the time goes ahead, the more the creation becomes interdependent. In this age of globalization, no nation can collar in isolation.All states, therefore, participate in the interplay of the international politics with the specific foreign policies to achieve the goals of the national interests. Therefore the purpose-oriented foreign policy matters for Bangladesh to get prosperity. The very primitive directions of the constitution of Bangladesh should remain the roots of foreign policy of Bangladesh. So I recommend the goals of foreign policy of Bangladesh in the name of 4Ps Protection, Progress, Promotion and Peace.From the theoretical perspectives in case of suggested four Ps for Bangladesh foreign policy, realism would theorize the first P-protection Open Market Economy based on global capitalism theorizes the encourage P-progress and Nationalism (Bangladeshi) would theorize the third P-promotion. Based on these four Ps, the following foreign policies are recommended as core policies for Bangladesh to march its unique prospective positions in the creative activity and also the todays world affairs.Under the first P-protection, the main policy would be to protect the sovereignty of the state from all kinds of threats from any sources including near door nations, any state, international corporations/organizations. Overall, Bangladesh should remain as Zero Tolerance Policy dealing with all sorts of threats to its sovereignty of state, citizens and assets. In this regards, foreign policy would buy the farm to establish a strong military and inte lligence base of Bangladesh in the region.Under the second P-Progress, the main policy would be to gain economic boom emerge of liberalized and globalized world trade policies. The international trade has been shifting from the Atlantic to the pacific, which make the idea of Asia/Pacific century ever more feasible. Foreign policies of Bangladesh would be to practiced the relative frontier roles in the Asian politics. Under the third P- Promotion, the main policy would be to promote Bangladesh as a whole positively in the world so that the citizens of the world can learn and understand the integrity of Bangladesh.Foreign policy would be to create a good image of Bangladesh to the rest of the world by promoting the achievements of the nation and also of the individual citizens like Bangladesh secured its independence by a great war of around nine-month long, Bangladesh is the only country in the world that fought for its language Bengali, Bangladesh is the country that invented the oral saline to cure millions of children worldwide, Bangladesh is one of the nations to achieve major parts of MDGs within the timeframe, Bangladesh is the home of microcredit which has been working as an effective tools of alleviating global poverty.Under the forth P-Peace, the main foreign policy would be to introduce Bangladesh as Peace Broker nation practically in the world. Bangladesh itself would be a doting of peaceful coexistence in the region nay in the world as per matched with other Ps of national interests. These four Ps are also inter-related. by and by all, foreign policy would secure the position of Bangladesh as essential in the regional and international forums both politically and economically.

Economic and social conditions Essay

If one is non historical, then it was unscientific. The historical operation that had commenced for millennia in the development of societies was a product of scientific processes and vice versa. Friedrich Engels had greatly contributed to the exposition of historical dynamics. A history that was ever changing was always in constant contradiction in terms with the forces within and without. As it had been definitely asserted, historical materialism being a part of a dialectical philosophy was not just narrowly limited to a study.It was a scientific process wherein events were investigated and researched. From these gathered data a hypothesis was derived and tested or compared if that assertion applied to universal condition. taradiddle thereof was a result of contradictions, a making of man, not just simply a compilation of events that transpired in the past. Only in such a way that history became a science. Thus Engels, a true r evolutionary in his time, presented history accor ding to the material basis of the humans of societies.He discussed the evolution of such societies as subsequent cause of the past that were constantly playing interconnected and interwoven stories. These stories without the other were simply incomplete, hence unscientific. Here he illustrated the realizeation of history as a result of bountys struggle to attain its aims, therefore its own creation and its own being. However, Engels history did not handle man simply a being with presupposed actions, knowledge or decisions. To him man was a becoming which had moulded the family that he belongs to.His propensity to survive had been inseparably intertwined with the progress of the economy and to all other aspects of social existence Facts and figures were simply not what history was. Facts and figures did say something but not substantially anything. History was a coefficient of correlation and interrelationships between and among facts and figures. Without finding those connec tions, these facts and figures were mere ink and paper insignificant. Hitherto, Engels works remained to be of great influence in the struggles of oppressed peoples and of the international proletariat.This came into reality because Engels works were connected to the material foundations of human existence. His ideas and theories were not alienated theories that were matte up and ideas that were tangible and inseparable from the activities of societies. As materialists viewed the nature of humankind and the processes that commenced herein, matter preceded consciousness. Engels historical and philosophical analysis did not surface out of mere conception of abstract economic and historical fables.They were a result of the effects of the economic and social conditions existing at that time. Societies came into reality first. From those realities a consciousness was obtained. Engels was enabled to scientifically analyze the future(a) of societies based on the reasons that had caused p ast societies to progress into what they are at present. Certainly, Engels life was no different from the family he intended to explain. What had moulded him in becoming such a great influence in socio-economic paradigms and in the formulation of Marxism surely had a basis in his past.The events that took place during that time were interconnected with his identity. Engels himself was a lab of proving that man is a becoming and of contradictions. From these contradictions of the positive and negative factors that had gone through his age, a new form from the antagonisms of the old was drawn. Hence, his life and works were a result of scientific processes. The Friedrich Engels that we knew was a fruit of the reactions among the material conditions that he was exposed to and a synthesis of numerous theses and anti-theses.

Ma Parker Paper Essay

Ma Parker is a strong cleaning lady who has suffered throughout her lifespan. She is a adult female who has a exhaustively nature. Ma Parker realises the sorrows of her life and tries to find a place to cry. That would be the in truth first time she was going to cry once she believed she yet would be a strong woman if she had never cried. The Life of Ma Parkers protagonist cannot stand altogether the pain she is feeling. As she cries, she leaves all her strength behind. It represents the moment she realises she must permit the overflow of her feelings otherwise she would explode with them. And the final stage of Ma Parkers grandson is the highest point of her lifes sorrow. It is the climax of her emotions. Through the boys death, Ma Parker understands that life means, mainly when it took away the only and probably the last source of happiness of her lifetime. Since Ma Parker became a grandma, it is easy to think that she believes it is the end of her existence and there is n othing else to wait for. Ma Parker becomes a questioning and desperate woman along the whole story. In my opinion, Mansfields lyrical use of language makes the reader believe she is much a poet than a writer. Storys descriptions are connected to senses. She is a realistic writer, but resistant of related to impressionism.Katherine Mansfield is direct, her way of writing is not vague, nave or nebulous. Whenever she writes she knows very well the effect she longs to enthrall to the reader. The sensation the reader has at the end is a very pessimistic one. Ma Parker is a woman who passed through moments that reveal the insignificance of her life. Due to the descriptions of Ma Parker, character may be considered as living-dead person. They never had good things from life and now it is too late to wait for something glorious to happen. Her life means death, not only for being in the end, but also for having sad and meaningless life. Now it is useless to keep whatsoever hope for the f uture. Ma Parkers life has many lickings until the culminating one that is the loss of her grandson. She was poor and had to leave her hometown at the age of cardinalteen and started suffering along her life. She watched the death of her husband, of seven children and a grandson.Besides, she had to bring up six children by herself. The cry she never allowed herself now is about to explode inside her soul, but Ma Parker stock-still cannot cry for not finding an appropriated place to do it. It seems her life is so insignificant that she does not be to cry, as if she does not fit in the world. It is worthy to mention that when she was looking for a place to cry, it starts fall and she probably had to return home. It was as if even nature does not want to help this hard fortune woman. From the world there is nothing else to wait for than real death, because Ma Parker is already dead during her lifetime, her dreams are already dead and she no longer has any hope inside her.Besides, it can be observed that death is always present in Ma Parkers life (husband, children and grandson) and these dead people are so alive in her memories that they seem to be more alive than she herself, once her life story is found on the people she has lost. According to Ma Parkers individual experience of life, Mansfield is able to show readers the frustration of this tale Death is the only certainty of life, especially of a sad and hopeless life, actually life is not like what we want it to be life is a sad surprise. Ma Parker reflects the authors duality between Life versus World, emphasizing Mansfields idea that to live is frustrating.